1. Preface

2. Acknowledgements

3. Experiments

• Study of fossils (types, forms, and dating) from models/pictures.

• Study of homology, analogy, and homoplasy from suitable specimens/models/photographs/simulations.

• Study of different modes of speciation and adaptive radiation or macroevolution by suitable examples.

• Study of variations in a sample human population: (a) Continuous variation: Height/Weight in relation to age and sex, and (b) Discontinuous variation: Ability/Inability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC).

• Study of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: Statement, assumptions, derivation of the equation and its verification by Chi-square analysis.

• To demonstrate the role of natural selection in changing allele frequency by using simulation studies.

• To demonstrate the role of genetic drift in changing allele frequency by using simulation studies.

• Construction of cladograms based on morphological characters.

• Construction of a phylogenetic tree with the help of bioinformatics tools (Clustal X, Phylip, MLK, NJ, MP) and its interpretation.

• Clear and concise language. The 'Theory' segment exclusively covers 'relevant' information essential for a 'hands-on session', ensuring the manual's precision.

• Special focus on elucidating the outcomes derived from simulation studies or software applications.

• Utilization of bead-based simulation models and online simulations for certain experiments.

• Each experiment incorporates exercises with a set of questions, based on the experiment's content outlined in the write-up but presented from a different angle, encouraging students to contemplate and emphasizing the experiment's significance. This prompts students to understand the necessity of conducting the experiment and how the acquired knowledge will be applied.

• The case study section provides a brief summary of the key discoveries from each experiment.