The last five decades have witnessed a tremendous upsurge in the amount of xenobiotic compounds in the environment by industrial activities, some of them being highly toxic, recalcitrant with high bio-accumulating and bio-magnification properties. The aim of this book is to determine the processes and utilization of raw materials in the industries, formation and release of pollutants (air, water and soil) in the environment, effect and impact of the pollutants on biotic and abiotic components of the environment and finally identifying the physical, chemical, biological and alternating methods for treatment of pollutants in the industrial effluents. Efforts have also been made to identify the methods for bioconversion and recovery of products from the effluents by biotechnological methods. The book covers postgraduate syllabus of Environment Biotechnology of University Grants Commission, govt. of India, and other universities offering courses of environmental science in their master programme. It will also be helpful for advances undergraduates opting for environmental biotechnology courses as part of an environmental science or bioscience programme, and postgraduate students pursuing a biotechnology-related biodegradation and waste treatment courses